No business strategist could have foreseen that the world would have been thrown into the economic and social crisis wreaked by a fast-moving pandemic, even in Europe, where covid-19’s spread began to take its toll nearly a year ago. This study collects insights from 600 global executives, including leaders at UBS and IKEA. Download the report by MIT Technology Review Insights, in association with VMware, to see how most organizations had inadvertently prepared for the pandemic. 67% of European respondents had business-continuity plans in place, although less than half of them found them effective.